The objective of this book is to continue the reflection on the innovative potential of misunderstanding in　cross-cultural encounters　which we started by publishing the first part of the book (Understanding Misunderstanding. Vol. 1: Cross-Cultural Translation, Peter Lang 2019). The main purpose of these two corresponding volumes is to embrace not only the cross-cultural adaptation of texts, ideas and discourses in distant geo-historical contexts, but also the culturally-based mechanisms of creatively transforming and re-shaping the source-text in target environments. The notions of misunderstanding and semantic transformation are seen as crucial in this process, yet still not widely acknowledged.