This book reports on innovative approaches in metrology and measurement systems, across different disciplines and fields of applications. It analyses the impact of digitalization, addressing challenges posed by Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. Chapters are based on peer-review contributions to the 9th International Scientific-Technical Conference MANUFACTURING 2026, held on May 19-21, 2026, in Poznan, Poland. They cover coordinate measuring systems, macro- and micro-scale measurements, characterization of geometry, roughness, and surface topography. Further topics include automation and robotization of control systems, metrological traceability, calibration, measurement uncertainty estimation, and attribute agreement analysis. With a special emphasis on sustainable procedures and human–machine collaboration, this book provides researchers, engineers, production managers, and educators with extensive information for advancing quality engineering in the next generation of manufacturing systems.