This volume includes expanded lecture notes from the Mathemata Summer School and Festum Pi 2024 conference, held in Chania, Crete, in July 2024. The lectures focus on advanced analysis techniques for tackling problems in mathematical physics, covering recent advancements in the study of phase transitions, interacting particle systems, kinetic theory, qualitative properties of degenerate Vlasov equations, optimal transport methods for parabolic diffusion equations, and Ricci flow. This volume serves as a valuable resource for researchers exploring modern developments in mathematical analysis. Additionally, it includes two lectures on music theory, reflecting the spirit of Festum Pi 2024.