The authors of this anthology compare for the first time the meaning of the museums and memorials for the debates surrounding the memory of World War II in Eastern Europe. No other event in the history of Europe has had such a broad influence on the political identity and has become so strongly interwoven with the political history and national interpretations as World War II. Against this background, the authors of this anthology look at selected museums in Eastern Europe and study their role as mediators of memory and the offspring of historical debates. Have they become historical “referees” or are the stagings in museums planned events? At the core of these analyses furthermore lie themes such as victim hierarchies, dealing with the Holocaust and collaboration.