In this lecture course, Reiner Schürmann develops the idea that, in between the spiritual Carolingian Renaissance and the secular Humanist Renaissance, there was a distinctive Medieval Renaissance connected with the rediscovery of Aristotle. Focusing on Thomas Aquinas’s ontology and epistemology, William of Ockham’s conceptualism, and Meister Eckhart’s speculative mysticism, Schürmann shows how thought began to break free from religion and the hierarchies of the feudal, neo-Platonic order and to devote its attention to otherness and singularity. A crucial supplement to Schürmann’s magnum opus Broken Hegemonies, this volume will be essential reading for anyone interested in the rise and fall of Western principles, and thus in how to think and act today.