In federal or decentralised countries, the civil service or public employment is subject to—specific—intergovernmental rules in each multi-layer system, which are characterised by differences in unity and diversity with regard to employment status, labour contracts, salaries and pensions, which in turn correspond to the intergovernmental relations of the countries in question or are important parts of them. The contributions in this book aim at closing the research gap here by presenting structured reports from four European countries (Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Germany), Canada, Australia, India, South Africa and Ethiopia. With contributions by Zemelak Ayele | Eva-Maria Belser | Peter Bußjäger | Jennifer L. Caruso | Géraldine Cattilaz | Julien Doris | Mathias Eller | Gisela Färber | Yonatan Fessha | Alain-G. Gagnon | Mireia Grau Creus | Salome Hunkeler | John Kincaid | Karl Kössler | J. Wesley Leckrone | Albert Orta Mascaró | Francesco Palermo | John Phillimore | Ajay Kumar Singh | Nico Steytler | Luc Turgeon | Jaap de Visser | Peter Wilkins